航运市场周报 W49：美国报关新规 2027/1/5 生效 · 港口费再延两月 · 洛杉矶港连续两月破百万 TEUFreight Update W49: US IOR Rule From Jan 5 · Port Fees Delayed Again · LA Tops 1M TEU Twice

2026 年 11 月 6 日，美国海关与边境保护局（CBP）在《联邦公报》发布《外国登记进口商强化要求》临时最终规则，发布后 60 天生效，即 2027 年 1 月 5 日；报关行全面合规期限最晚 2027 年 5 月 6 日。核心变化是判定逻辑从「看注册地和地址」转向「穿透实际控制权与资产能力」：美国 IOR 个人须为美国公民或合法永久居民；实体须在美国依法设立，且满足「至少 51% 受益所有人为美国公民/永久居民并拥有控制权」，或「在美国直接拥有规模可观的无留置权不动产」之一。On 6 November 2026 US Customs and Border Protection published an interim final rule on foreign registered importers in the Federal Register. It takes effect 60 days later, on 5 January 2027, with a full broker compliance deadline no later than 6 May 2027. The test shifts from registration and address to beneficial ownership and asset capacity: a US IOR individual must be a US citizen or lawful permanent resident, and an entity must be established in the US and either have at least 51% of beneficial owners be US citizens or LPRs with control, or hold substantial unencumbered US real estate.

被认定为外国 IOR 的主体，自 2027 年 1 月 5 日起不能自行提交消费性进口申报，除非自身通过 CTPAT 验证，或委托一家已通过 CTPAT 验证的美国持牌报关行。CBP 数据显示，仅约 0.4% 的外国 IOR 自身持有 CTPAT 验证，约 68% 已在使用 CTPAT 验证报关行，剩余约 32% 须在生效前完成切换。影响面相当大：2020 年 10 月至 2026 年 2 月间，约 63,577 家外国 IOR、611 万票进口、货值约 2,933 亿美元落在新规范围内。报关行须前置核验客户资格、在申报表上标明美国 IOR 或外国 IOR，核验记录保存 5 年；处罚依据从 19 U.S.C. 1641（上限约 3 万美元）转向 19 U.S.C. 1592（可按货物境内价值计罚）。From 5 January 2027 a foreign IOR cannot file a consumption entry itself unless it is CTPAT verified or appoints a CTPAT-verified licensed US broker. Only about 0.4% of foreign IORs are CTPAT verified themselves, roughly 68% already use CTPAT-verified brokers, and the remaining 32% must switch before the deadline. The scope is large: between October 2020 and February 2026 about 63,577 foreign IORs covering 6.11 million entries worth some USD 293.3 billion fall under the rule. Brokers must pre-verify eligibility, state on the entry whether the importer is a US or foreign IOR, and keep verification records for five years; penalties move from 19 U.S.C. 1641 (about USD 30,000 cap) to 19 U.S.C. 1592, which can be assessed on domestic value.

11 月 10 日《联邦公报》刊登美国贸易代表办公室（USTR）公告，把针对中国建造、中国运营船舶的 301 海事运输费暂停期延长至美东时间 2027 年 1 月 9 日 23:59，最早 1 月 10 日恢复征收。延期自 11 月 9 日起生效，衔接 2025 年 11 月 10 日开始的一年期暂停。同时继续暂停对中国岸桥等货物装卸设备加征的额外关税。公告称支持者认为继续暂停可避免运价上涨与商业中断，反对者则认为这会削弱美国造船业的投资激励；USTR 收到约 60 份公众意见。A USTR notice published in the Federal Register on 10 November extends the suspension of Section 301 maritime transport fees on Chinese-built and Chinese-operated vessels through 23:59 Eastern Time on 9 January 2027, with the measures able to resume from 10 January. The extension took effect on 9 November, bridging the one-year suspension that began on 10 November 2025. Additional duties on Chinese ship-to-shore cranes and other cargo-handling equipment stay suspended as well. USTR said supporters argued the pause avoids higher shipping costs and commercial disruption, while opponents said it weakens incentives to invest in US shipbuilding; about 60 public comments were filed.

中方同步把针对美国关联船舶的反制港口费暂停期延长至 2027 年 1 月 10 日，并延长对航运与造船供应链安全调查的暂停。费率本身未变：一旦恢复，费用按航次与船舶属性（建造地、运营方）计费，对中美线单箱成本影响显著，且会顺带推高经中国建造船舶承运的其他航线成本。USTR 表示将在 1 月 10 日前评估是否再次延期或采取进一步措施。China has matched the move, extending its suspension of retaliatory port fees on US-linked vessels to 10 January 2027 and extending its pause on the shipping and shipbuilding supply chain security probe. The rates themselves are unchanged: if they return, fees are levied per voyage based on vessel attributes such as place of build and operator, which materially affects per-box cost on the transpacific and also inflates costs on other trades served by Chinese-built tonnage. USTR said it will decide before 10 January whether to extend again or take further action.

11 月 6 日 USTR 宣布把 178 项对华 301 关税产品豁免延长至 2027 年 1 月 9 日，自 11 月 10 日生效。这批豁免原定 11 月 9 日到期，若未延期，相关货物将恢复缴纳 7.5%–25% 的关税。对已经按豁免清单报关的品类，这一延期直接把「关税悬崖」推到了明年一季度末。On 6 November USTR extended 178 Section 301 product exclusions for China-origin goods to 9 January 2027, effective 10 November. The exclusions had been due to lapse on 9 November, after which affected goods would have returned to 7.5%-25% duties. For categories already clearing under the exclusion list, the extension pushes the tariff cliff out to the end of Q1 2027.

同一周还有两份公告：11 月 10 日美国商务部公布木制橱柜、浴室柜及其零部件反倾销行政复审终裁，部分中国企业获得 7.48% 的单独税率，较此前适用的 251.64% 全国统一税率大幅下降，未获单独税率的企业仍按 251.64% 执行；同日另一份公告对原产于中国的聚四亚甲基醚二醇（PTMEG）作出反倾销初裁，对中国所有生产商/出口商征收 213.44%。Two other notices landed in the same week. On 10 November Commerce issued the final results of an administrative review on wooden cabinets, vanities and parts from China: some Chinese producers received a 7.48% separate rate against the 251.64% country-wide rate applied previously, while companies without a separate rate still pay 251.64%. The same day a preliminary dumping determination set a 213.44% rate on PTMEG from China for all producers and exporters.

洛杉矶港 10 月处理 1,026,872 TEU，仅次于 9 月的历史纪录 1,042,652 TEU，是该港 118 年来首次连续两个月突破 100 万 TEU；6–10 月累计近 500 万 TEU，为史上最强五个月。10 月重箱进口 538,620 TEU（同比 +25%，高出五年 10 月均值 30%），空箱 373,271 TEU 创单月纪录（船司加速向亚洲调空箱），重箱出口仅 114,981 TEU（同比 -7%）。前 10 个月累计 9,108,497 TEU，同比 +5%。Los Angeles handled 1,026,872 TEU in October, second only to September's all-time record of 1,042,652 TEU and the first time in its 118-year history that the port has topped one million TEU in consecutive months. June to October totalled nearly five million TEU, its strongest five-month run. October loaded imports reached 538,620 TEU, up 25% year on year and 30% above the five-year October average; empties hit a monthly record 373,271 TEU as carriers repositioned boxes to Asia; loaded exports were just 114,981 TEU, down 7%. Year to date the port has moved 9,108,497 TEU, up 5%.

拥堵同步恶化：约 9,500 个铁路待装的进口重箱在洛杉矶等待 9 天及以上，长滩另有 5,063 个；洛杉矶约 23% 的进口箱滞留 9 天以上、67% 在 4 天内提走，南加州联运车皮短缺是主因，拖车运力同样吃紧。劳资方面，代表约 250 名码头看守的 ILWU Local 26 与雇主协会的谈判已延长至 11 月 20 日，罢工暂缓但未消除——Local 13（码头工人）与 Local 63（理货）已表示会遵守纠察线。Congestion is worsening alongside the volumes: roughly 9,500 rail-bound import containers at Los Angeles had been waiting nine days or longer, with another 5,063 at Long Beach. About 23% of LA import boxes dwell nine days or more while 67% clear within four days, with an intermodal railcar shortage in Southern California as the main driver and truck capacity tight as well. On labour, negotiations between the Pacific Maritime Association and ILWU Local 26, which represents about 250 maritime watchmen, have been extended to 20 November — a walkout is deferred, not removed, and Locals 13 and 63 have said they would honour picket lines.

11 月 12 日巴拿马运河管理局宣布，随水位条件改善，每日通行名额提高至 34 艘，新巴拿马型船闸最大允许吃水恢复至 50 英尺，此前因干旱实施的限制进一步放松。On 12 November the Panama Canal Authority said improved water conditions allow it to raise daily transit capacity to 34 vessels and restore the maximum allowable draft at the Neopanamax locks to 50 feet, further easing the drought restrictions imposed earlier.

对走美东、南美西岸与加勒比中转的货，这意味着船期稳定性回升、单船装载上限提高，运河相关的拥堵附加费也有了谈判空间。需要留意的是通行名额仍按预约与拍卖分配，春节前的旺季时段依然可能紧张，且运河放宽通常滞后于船司的运力调整，实际船期改善可能延后 2–4 周体现。For cargo routed to the US East Coast, the west coast of South America and the Caribbean, this means better schedule reliability, higher per-vessel lift and room to negotiate canal-related congestion surcharges. Note that slots are still allocated by booking and auction, so pre-Chinese New Year weeks may stay tight, and carriers typically need two to four weeks before capacity changes show up as real schedule improvements.

11 月 12 日，美国消费品安全委员会（CPSC）一次性公布 7 项召回和 4 项安全警告，被点名产品集中在玩具、婴童用品、电动工具、户外用品和家居品类。召回案例包括婴儿摇铃磨牙套装的小部件窒息风险、遥控玩具车纽扣电池可被儿童触及、高压清洗机缺少接地故障断路器、地毯违反联邦阻燃标准、电动三轮车后轮松动、便携发电机阀门装反及火盆喷溅。4 项警告涉及游乐围栏床垫、全脸潜水镜、成人床栏和婴儿背带的困陷、溺水与跌落风险。On 12 November the US Consumer Product Safety Commission published 7 recalls and 4 safety warnings in a single batch, concentrated in toys, infant products, power tools, outdoor goods and home products. Recalls covered rattle-and-teether sets with small-part choking hazards, remote-control toys whose button cells are child-accessible, pressure washers missing a GFCI, rugs violating federal flammability rules, e-trikes with loose rear wheels, portable generators with reversed valves and fire pits that spray burning liquid. The warnings cover play-yard mattresses, full-face snorkel masks, adult bed rails and baby carriers over entrapment, drowning and fall risks.

CPSC 的判定逻辑正在从「事故驱动」转向「标准驱动」——没有实际伤人也照样召回，核心是没有落实强制标准：纽扣电池需符合 16 CFR 1263（Reese's Law）与 UL 4200A，玩具按 ASTM F963-23，地毯按 16 CFR 1630/1631。数据更说明趋势：2026 年上半年 CPSC 召回 304 例，中国产品占 248 例（81.6%），同比上升 72.2%；一季度占比一度达 84.5%。此外，2026 年 7 月 8 日起受监管的儿童产品清关前必须通过 ACE 系统提交 CPC 数据（eFiling），纸质证书不再单独作为放行凭证，申报进口商须与 IOR 一致、记录保留 5 年。CPSC enforcement is shifting from incident-driven to standards-driven: recalls now trigger without actual injuries, on failure to meet mandatory standards — button cells under 16 CFR 1263 (Reese's Law) and UL 4200A, toys under ASTM F963-23, rugs under 16 CFR 1630/1631. The data confirms the trend: of 304 recalls in H1 2026, 248 (81.6%) involved Chinese products, up 72.2% year on year, with the Q1 share at 84.5%. Since 8 July 2026, regulated children's products must also file CPC data through CBP's ACE system (eFiling) before clearance; paper certificates no longer clear cargo on their own, the filing importer must match the IOR, and records must be kept five years.

受深圳 APEC 会议安保影响，11 月中旬集装箱拖车通行与港区作业临时调整：危化品柜拖车 11 月 16 日 00:00 至 20 日 24:00 全天禁行；普通集装箱拖车 11 月 17–19 日每日 6:00–22:00 限行；口岸跨境拖车 16–20 日错峰通行。管控区域覆盖福田、罗湖、南山全区及相关高速，可绕行南坪快速以东段与妈湾跨海通道；盐田、大铲湾、宝安、龙岗、龙华片区可正常往返，避开核心管控区即可。APEC security arrangements bring temporary trucking and terminal adjustments in Shenzhen mid-November: hazmat container trucks are banned around the clock from 00:00 on 16 November to 24:00 on 20 November; ordinary container trucks face restrictions 06:00-22:00 on 17-19 November; and cross-border trucks run staggered schedules 16-20 November. Controlled zones cover Futian, Luohu and Nanshan in full plus linked expressways, with Nanping Expressway east of G107 and Mawan Cross-Sea Channel as detours; Yantian, Dachanwan, Baoan, Longgang and Longhua remain reachable on routes that avoid the core zones.

港口作业方面：蛇口港 17–19 日白天暂停拖车进出，作业优先安排在夜间 22:00 至次日 06:00；盐田与大铲湾正常作业；福田、罗湖、南山区域内堆场白天暂停进出柜，建议提前移柜至外围堆场；跨境柜业务 16–20 日仅保障应急与民生物资。11 月 20 日 24:00 后全部恢复。At the terminals: Shekou suspends truck gate moves during daytime on 17-19 November, prioritising 22:00-06:00 night operations; Yantian and Dachanwan operate normally; depots inside Futian, Luohu and Nanshan pause daytime gate-in and gate-out, so pre-position boxes to outer depots; cross-border bookings 16-20 November are limited to emergency and livelihood cargo. Full normalisation resumes after 24:00 on 20 November.

11 月 9 日 12 时左右，马士基旗下「MAERSK CINCINNATI」轮（2024 年江南造船建造，船长约 366 米、船宽 51 米、最大载箱量 15,516 TEU，新加坡旗，IMO 9936410）在深圳盐田港 12 号泊位靠泊过程中发生碰撞，导致码头一台岸桥倒塌并波及后方堆场区域。当日深圳气象台 6 时 10 分对盐田区、大鹏新区及大鹏湾、大亚湾发布强季风蓝色预警，预计阵风 8 级以上；事故原因仍待海事部门与港口方通报。At around noon on 9 November the Maersk vessel MAERSK CINCINNATI — built at Jiangnan in 2024, about 366 metres long and 51 metres wide, 15,516 TEU capacity, Singapore-flagged, IMO 9936410 — struck the berth while coming alongside at Yantian berth 12, toppling a ship-to-shore crane that fell into the yard behind. Shenzhen's meteorological observatory had issued a strong monsoon blue alert for Yantian, Dapeng New District, Dapeng Bay and Daya Bay at 06:10 that morning, forecasting gusts above force 8. The cause is still to be confirmed by maritime authorities and the terminal.

该轮此前执行亚洲—南欧 SE4 航线 636E 航次，随后调整至双子星网络的亚洲—北欧 NE3 航线 645W 航次，原计划 11 月 9 日靠盐田、11 日离港，随后挂靠宁波、上海、丹绒帕拉帕斯，再赴欧洲——船上既有华南本地出口货，也牵动华东转运与欧洲段班期。12 号泊位主要服务 366–400 米的超大型船；事故前盐田对 300 米以上船舶的平均等泊时间已约 2.5 天（300 米以下约 0.5 天）。目前人员伤亡、船体与货物损伤、泊位恢复时间均无权威通报。The ship had been on the Asia-North Europe NE3 string (645W) after transferring from the Asia-South Europe SE4 service (636E), and was scheduled to call Yantian on 9 November and sail on 11 November before Ningbo, Shanghai, Tanjung Pelepas and Europe — so the cargo involved spans South China exports, East China transshipment and the European leg. Berth 12 handles ultra-large vessels of 366-400 metres, and before the accident Yantian's average waiting time for ships over 300 metres was already about 2.5 days, against 0.5 days for smaller ships. There is no authoritative notice yet on injuries, hull or cargo damage, or berth recovery timing.

11 月 7 日，海丰国际「SITC YIHE」轮靠泊广州港南沙四期全自动化码头，标志该码头首条外贸班轮航线 CJV6 正式开通。航线串联南沙与日本东京、横滨、川崎、名古屋，以及越南岘港、海防，是一条典型的华南—日越直达线。On 7 November SITC's SITC YIHE berthed at Guangzhou Port's fully automated Nansha Phase 4 terminal, marking the official launch of the terminal's first foreign trade liner service, CJV6. The loop links Nansha with Tokyo, Yokohama, Kawasaki and Nagoya in Japan plus Da Nang and Haiphong in Vietnam — a direct South China to Japan/Vietnam string.

南沙四期是全自动化码头，效率与堆场周转是主要卖点；对华南出口而言，多一条可挂靠的外贸干线，意味着旺季时的舱位与拖车选择增加。不过该码头外贸航线仍处起步阶段，航线密度与舱位规模有待观察，短期内更适合做日本、越南方向的补充通道。Nansha Phase 4 is fully automated, with throughput efficiency and yard turnaround as its main selling points. For South China exporters, one more foreign trade string means additional space and trucking options in peak season. That said, its foreign trade network is still nascent, so frequency and capacity need watching — in the near term it works best as a supplementary gateway for Japan and Vietnam cargo.

德路里 11 月 13 日 WCI：上海—洛杉矶 7,416 美元/40 尺（周环比 -2%），上海—纽约 9,020 美元（-3%，8 月以来最低），上海—鹿特丹 3,504 美元（-3%），上海—热那亚 4,168 美元（连续三周持平）。船司以停航应对需求转弱：下周跨太平洋停航 8 个航次（本周 4 个），亚欧线 8 个（本周 5 个）。货代反映本周公布运价基本无量成交，实际执行价由促销折扣与量价协议决定，舱位整体在放开。Drewry's WCI on 13 November: Shanghai-Los Angeles at $7,416 per 40ft, down 2% week on week; Shanghai-New York at $9,020, down 3% and the lowest since August; Shanghai-Rotterdam at $3,504, down 3%; Shanghai-Genoa flat for a third week at $4,168. Carriers are responding with blank sailings: eight transpacific voyages next week against four this week, and eight on Asia-Europe against five. Forwarders report almost no cargo booking at published levels, with actual rates set by promotional discounts and volume deals as space opens up.

涨价仍在路上：马士基宣布 12 月 1 日起亚洲—北欧 PSS 1,000 美元/40 尺，达飞自 11 月 25 日起亚洲—地中海 PSS 1,600 美元/40 尺。2027 年春节为 2 月 6 日，比今年提前 11 天，阳明等船司已预警节前集中出货将再次推高港口拥堵与船期延误，1 月大部分时间会被节前高峰占据。澳新线不在 WCI 口径内，但停航与节前抢运同样会挤压舱位、拉长中转衔接，价格传导通常滞后两三周。Increases are still coming: Maersk has announced a $1,000 per 40ft PSS on Asia-North Europe from 1 December, and CMA CGM a $1,600 per 40ft PSS on Asia-Mediterranean from 25 November. Chinese New Year falls on 6 February 2027, eleven days earlier than this year, and carriers including Yang Ming have warned that concentrated pre-holiday shipping will push port congestion and schedule delays higher again, with most of January absorbed by the peak. Australia and New Zealand lanes sit outside the WCI basket, but blank sailings and pre-holiday volume squeeze space and stretch transshipment connections all the same, with price pass-through typically lagging two to three weeks.